## Degeneracy in non-commuting observables that both commute with the Hamiltonian.

October 22, 2015 phy1520 No comments ,

In problem 1.17 of [2] we are to show that non-commuting operators that both commute with the Hamiltonian, have, in general, degenerate energy eigenvalues. That is

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:320}
[A,H] = [B,H] = 0,

but

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:340}
[A,B] \ne 0.

### Matrix example of non-commuting commutators

I thought perhaps the problem at hand would be easier if I were to construct some example matrices representing operators that did not commute, but did commuted with a Hamiltonian. I came up with

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:360}
\begin{aligned}
A &=
\begin{bmatrix}
\sigma_z & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix} \\
B &=
\begin{bmatrix}
\sigma_x & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix} \\
H &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix}
\end{aligned}

This system has $$\antisymmetric{A}{H} = \antisymmetric{B}{H} = 0$$, and

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:380}
\antisymmetric{A}{B}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 2 & 0 \\
-2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
\end{bmatrix}

There is one shared eigenvector between all of $$A, B, H$$

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:400}
\ket{3} =
\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
0 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}.

The other eigenvectors for $$A$$ are
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:420}
\begin{aligned}
\ket{a_1} &=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
0
\end{bmatrix} \\
\ket{a_2} &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix},
\end{aligned}

and for $$B$$
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:440}
\begin{aligned}
\ket{b_1} &=
\inv{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix} \\
\ket{b_2} &=
\inv{\sqrt{2}}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
-1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix},
\end{aligned}

This clearly has the degeneracy sought.

Looking to [1], it appears that it is possible to construct an even simpler example. Let

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:460}
\begin{aligned}
A &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1 \\
0 & 0
\end{bmatrix} \\
B &=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 0
\end{bmatrix} \\
H &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 \\
0 & 0
\end{bmatrix}.
\end{aligned}

Here $$\antisymmetric{A}{B} = -A$$, and $$\antisymmetric{A}{H} = \antisymmetric{B}{H} = 0$$, but the Hamiltonian isn’t interesting at all physically.

A less boring example builds on this. Let

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:480}
\begin{aligned}
A &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} \\
B &=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix} \\
H &=
\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{bmatrix}.
\end{aligned}

Here $$\antisymmetric{A}{B} \ne 0$$, and $$\antisymmetric{A}{H} = \antisymmetric{B}{H} = 0$$. I don’t see a way for any exception to be constructed.

### The problem

The concrete examples above give some intuition for solving the more abstract problem. Suppose that we are working in a basis that simulaneously diagonalizes operator $$A$$ and the Hamiltonian $$H$$. To make life easy consider the simplest case where this basis is also an eigenbasis for the second operator $$B$$ for all but two of that operators eigenvectors. For such a system let’s write

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:160}
\begin{aligned}
H \ket{1} &= \epsilon_1 \ket{1} \\
H \ket{2} &= \epsilon_2 \ket{2} \\
A \ket{1} &= a_1 \ket{1} \\
A \ket{2} &= a_2 \ket{2},
\end{aligned}

where $$\ket{1}$$, and $$\ket{2}$$ are not eigenkets of $$B$$. Because $$B$$ also commutes with $$H$$, we must have

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:180}
\begin{aligned}
H B \ket{1}
&= H \ket{n}\bra{n} B \ket{1} \\
&= \epsilon_n \ket{n} B_{n 1},
\end{aligned}

and
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:200}
\begin{aligned}
B H \ket{1}
&= B \epsilon_1 \ket{1} \\
&= \epsilon_1 \ket{n}\bra{n} B \ket{1} \\
&= \epsilon_1 \ket{n} B_{n 1}.
\end{aligned}

The commutator is
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:220}
\antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{1}
=
\lr{ \epsilon_1 – \epsilon_n } \ket{n} B_{n 1}.

Similarily
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:240}
\antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{2}
=
\lr{ \epsilon_2 – \epsilon_n } \ket{n} B_{n 2}.

For those kets $$\ket{m} \in \setlr{ \ket{3}, \ket{4}, \cdots }$$ that are eigenkets of $$B$$, with $$B \ket{m} = b_m \ket{m}$$, we have

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:280}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{m}
&=
B \epsilon_m \ket{m} – H b_m \ket{m} \\
&=
b_m \epsilon_m \ket{m} – \epsilon_m b_m \ket{m} \\
&=
0.
\end{aligned}

If the commutator is zero, then we require all its matrix elements
\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:260}
\begin{aligned}
\bra{1} \antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{1} &= \lr{ \epsilon_1 – \epsilon_1 } B_{1 1} \\
\bra{2} \antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{1} &= \lr{ \epsilon_1 – \epsilon_2 } B_{2 1} \\
\bra{1} \antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{2} &= \lr{ \epsilon_2 – \epsilon_1 } B_{1 2} \\
\bra{2} \antisymmetric{B}{H} \ket{2} &= \lr{ \epsilon_2 – \epsilon_2 } B_{2 2},
\end{aligned}

to be zero. Because of (15) only the matrix elements with respect to states $$\ket{1}, \ket{2}$$ need be considered. Two of the matrix elements above are clearly zero, regardless of the values of $$B_{1 1}$$, and $$B_{2 2}$$, and for the other two to be zero, we must either have

• $$B_{2 1} = B_{1 2} = 0$$, or
• $$\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$$.

If the first condition were true we would have

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:300}
\begin{aligned}
B \ket{1}
&=
\ket{n}\bra{n} B \ket{1} \\
&=
\ket{n} B_{n 1} \\
&=
\ket{1} B_{1 1},
\end{aligned}

and $$B \ket{2} = B_{2 2} \ket{2}$$. This contradicts the requirement that $$\ket{1}, \ket{2}$$ not be eigenkets of $$B$$, leaving only the second option. That second option means there must be a degeneracy in the system.

# References

[1] Ronald M. Aarts. Commuting Matrices, 2015. URL http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CommutingMatrices.html. [Online; accessed 22-Oct-2015].

[2] Jun John Sakurai and Jim J Napolitano. Modern quantum mechanics. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.

## Commutators of angular momentum and a central force Hamiltonian

September 30, 2015 phy1520 No comments , , , ,

In problem 1.17 of [1] we are to show that non-commuting operators that both commute with the Hamiltonian, have, in general, degenerate energy eigenvalues. It suggests considering $$L_x, L_z$$ and a central force Hamiltonian $$H = \Bp^2/2m + V(r)$$ as examples.

Let’s just demonstrate these commutators act as expected in these cases.

With $$\BL = \Bx \cross \Bp$$, we have

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:20}
\begin{aligned}
L_x &= y p_z – z p_y \\
L_y &= z p_x – x p_z \\
L_z &= x p_y – y p_x.
\end{aligned}

The $$L_x, L_z$$ commutator is

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:40}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{L_x}{L_z}
&=
\antisymmetric{y p_z – z p_y }{x p_y – y p_x} \\
&=
\antisymmetric{y p_z}{x p_y}
-\antisymmetric{y p_z}{y p_x}
-\antisymmetric{z p_y }{x p_y}
+\antisymmetric{z p_y }{y p_x} \\
&=
x p_z \antisymmetric{y}{p_y}
+ z p_x \antisymmetric{p_y }{y} \\
&=
i \Hbar \lr{ x p_z – z p_x } \\
&=
– i \Hbar L_y
\end{aligned}

cyclicly permuting the indexes shows that no pairs of different $$\BL$$ components commute. For $$L_y, L_x$$ that is

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:60}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{L_y}{L_x}
&=
\antisymmetric{z p_x – x p_z }{y p_z – z p_y} \\
&=
\antisymmetric{z p_x}{y p_z}
-\antisymmetric{z p_x}{z p_y}
-\antisymmetric{x p_z }{y p_z}
+\antisymmetric{x p_z }{z p_y} \\
&=
y p_x \antisymmetric{z}{p_z}
+ x p_y \antisymmetric{p_z }{z} \\
&=
i \Hbar \lr{ y p_x – x p_y } \\
&=
– i \Hbar L_z,
\end{aligned}

and for $$L_z, L_y$$

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:80}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{L_z}{L_y}
&=
\antisymmetric{x p_y – y p_x }{z p_x – x p_z} \\
&=
\antisymmetric{x p_y}{z p_x}
-\antisymmetric{x p_y}{x p_z}
-\antisymmetric{y p_x }{z p_x}
+\antisymmetric{y p_x }{x p_z} \\
&=
z p_y \antisymmetric{x}{p_x}
+ y p_z \antisymmetric{p_x }{x} \\
&=
i \Hbar \lr{ z p_y – y p_z } \\
&=
– i \Hbar L_x.
\end{aligned}

If these angular momentum components are also shown to commute with themselves (which they do), the commutator relations above can be summarized as

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:100}
\antisymmetric{L_a}{L_b} = i \Hbar \epsilon_{a b c} L_c.

In the example to consider, we’ll have to consider the commutators with $$\Bp^2$$ and $$V(r)$$. Picking any one component of $$\BL$$ is sufficent due to the symmetries of the problem. For example

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:120}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{L_x}{\Bp^2}
&=
\antisymmetric{y p_z – z p_y}{p_x^2 + p_y^2 + p_z^2} \\
&=
\antisymmetric{y p_z}{{p_x^2} + p_y^2 + {p_z^2}}
-\antisymmetric{z p_y}{{p_x^2} + {p_y^2} + p_z^2} \\
&=
p_z \antisymmetric{y}{p_y^2}
-p_y \antisymmetric{z}{p_z^2} \\
&=
p_z 2 i \Hbar p_y
2 i \Hbar p_y
-p_y 2 i \Hbar p_z \\
&=
0.
\end{aligned}

How about the commutator of $$\BL$$ with the potential? It is sufficient to consider one component again, for example

\label{eqn:angularMomentumAndCentralForceCommutators:140}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{L_x}{V}
&=
\antisymmetric{y p_z – z p_y}{V} \\
&=
y \antisymmetric{p_z}{V} – z \antisymmetric{p_y}{V} \\
&=
-i \Hbar y \PD{z}{V(r)} + i \Hbar z \PD{y}{V(r)} \\
&=
-i \Hbar y \PD{r}{V}\PD{z}{r} + i \Hbar z \PD{r}{V}\PD{y}{r} \\
&=
-i \Hbar y \PD{r}{V} \frac{z}{r} + i \Hbar z \PD{r}{V}\frac{y}{r} \\
&=
0.
\end{aligned}

We’ve shown that all the components of $$\BL$$ commute with a central force Hamiltonian, and each different component of $$\BL$$ do not commute.

The next step will be figuring out how to use this to show that there are energy degeneracies.

# References

[1] Jun John Sakurai and Jim J Napolitano. Modern quantum mechanics. Pearson Higher Ed, 2014.