Updated notes for ece1229 antenna theory

I’ve now posted a first update of my notes for the antenna theory course that I am taking this term at UofT.

Unlike most of the other classes I have taken, I am not attempting to take comprehensive notes for this class. The class is taught on slides which go by faster than I can easily take notes for (and some of which match the textbook closely). In class I have annotated my copy of textbook with little details instead. This set of notes contains musings of details that were unclear, or in some cases, details that were provided in class, but are not in the text (and too long to pencil into my book), as well as some notes Geometric Algebra formalism for Maxwell’s equations with magnetic sources (something I’ve encountered for the first time in any real detail in this class).

The notes compilation linked above includes all of the following separate notes, some of which have been posted separately on this blog:

Polarization review

It seems worthwhile to review how a generally polarized field phasor leads to linear, circular, and elliptic geometries.

The most general field polarized in the $$x, y$$ plane has the form

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:20}
\BE
= \lr{ \xcap a e^{j \alpha} + \ycap b e^{j \beta} } e^{j \lr{ \omega t -k z }}
= \lr{ \xcap a e^{j \lr{\alpha – \beta}/2} + \ycap b e^{j \lr{ \beta – \alpha}/2} } e^{j \lr{ \omega t -k z + \lr{\alpha + \beta}/2 }}.

Knowing to factor out the average phase angle above is only because I tried initially without that and things got ugly and messy. I guessed this would help (it does).

Let $$\boldsymbol{\mathcal{E}} = \text{Re} \BE = \xcap x + \ycap y$$, $$\theta = \omega t + (\alpha + \beta)/2$$, and $$\phi = (\alpha – \beta)/2$$, so that

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:40}
\BE
= \lr{ \xcap a e^{j \phi} + \ycap b e^{-j \phi} } e^{j \theta }.

The coordinates can now be read off

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:60}
\frac{x}{a} = \cos\phi \cos\theta – \sin\phi \sin\theta

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:80}
\frac{y}{b} = \cos\phi \cos\theta + \sin\phi \sin\theta,

or in matrix form

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:100}
\begin{bmatrix}
x/a \\
y/b \\
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\phi & – \sin\phi \\
\cos\phi & \sin\phi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\theta \\
\sin\theta
\end{bmatrix}.

The goal is to eliminate all the $$\theta$$ (i.e. time dependence), converting the parametric relationship into a conic form.
Assuming that neither $$\cos\theta$$, nor $$\sin\theta$$ are zero for now (those are special cases and lead to linear polarization), inverting the matrix will allow the $$\theta$$ dependence to be eliminated

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:120}
\inv{\sin\lr{ 2\phi }}
\begin{bmatrix}
\sin\phi & \sin\phi \\
– \cos\phi & \cos\phi
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
x/a \\
y/b \\
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\theta \\
\sin\theta
\end{bmatrix}.

Squaring and summing both rows of these equation gives
\label{eqn:polarizationReview:140}
\begin{aligned}
1
&=
\inv{\sin^2 \lr{ 2\phi}}
\lr{
\sin^2\phi
\lr{
\frac{x}{a}
+\frac{y}{b}
}^2
+
\cos^2\phi
\lr{
-\frac{x}{a}
+\frac{y}{b}
}^2
} \\
&=
\inv{\sin^2 \lr{ 2\phi}}
\lr{
\frac{x^2}{a^2}
+\frac{y^2}{b^2}
+2 \frac{x y}{a b} \lr{ \sin^2\phi – \cos^2\phi }
} \\
&=
\inv{\sin^2 \lr{ 2\phi}}
\lr{
\frac{x^2}{a^2}
+\frac{y^2}{b^2}
-2 \frac{x y}{a b} \cos \lr{2\phi}
}
\end{aligned}

Time to summarize and handle the special cases.

1. To have $$\cos\phi = 0$$, the phase angles must satisfy $$\alpha – \beta = \lr{ 1 + 2 k } \pi, \, k \in \mathbb{Z}$$.

For this case \ref{eqn:polarizationReview:50} reduces to

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:160}
-\frac{x}{a} = \frac{y}{b},

which is just a line.

Example.

Let $$\alpha = 0, \beta = -\pi$$, so that the phasor has the value

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:260}
\BE = \lr{ \xcap a – \ycap b } e^{j \omega t}

2. For have $$\sin\phi = 0$$, the phase angles must satisfy $$\alpha – \beta = 2 \pi k, \, k \in \mathbb{Z}$$.

For this case \ref{eqn:polarizationReview:60} and \ref{eqn:polarizationReview:80} reduce to

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:180}
\frac{x}{a} = \frac{y}{b},

also just a line.

Example.

Let $$\alpha = \beta = 0$$, so that the phasor has the value

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:280}
\BE = \lr{ \xcap a + \ycap b } e^{j \omega t}

3. Last is the circular and elliptically polarized case. The system is clearly elliptically polarized if $$\cos(2 \phi) = 0$$, or $$\alpha – \beta = (\pi/2)( 1 + 2 k ), k \in \mathbb{Z}$$. When that is the case and $$a = b$$ also holds, the ellipse is a circle.

When the $$\cos( 2 \phi) = 0$$ condition does not hold, a rotation of coordinates

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:200}
\begin{bmatrix}
x \\
y
\end{bmatrix}
=
\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\mu & \sin\mu \\
-\sin\mu & \cos\mu
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
u \\
v
\end{bmatrix}

where

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:220}
\mu = \inv{2} \tan^{-1} \lr{ \frac{ 2 \cos (\alpha – \beta)}{b – a}}

puts the trajectory into a standard (but messy) conic form

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:240}
1 = \frac{u^2}{ab} \lr{
\frac{b}{a} \cos^2 \mu
+ \frac{a}{b} \sin^2 \mu
+ \inv{2} \sin\lr{2 \mu + \alpha – \beta}
}
+
\frac{v^2}{ab} \lr{
\frac{b}{a} \sin^2 \mu
+ \frac{a}{b} \cos^2 \mu
– \inv{2} \sin\lr{2 \mu + \alpha – \beta}
}

It isn’t obvious to me that the factors of the $$u^2, v^2$$ terms are necessarily positive, which is required for the conic to be an ellipse and not a hyperbola.

Circular polarization example.

With $$a = b = E_0$$, $$\alpha = 0$$, $$\beta = \pm \pi/2$$, all the circular polarization conditions are met, leaving the phasor with values

\label{eqn:polarizationReview:300}
\BE = E_0 \lr{ \xcap \pm j \ycap } e^{j \omega t}