January 12, 2016 Incoherent ramblings air duct cleaning, telemarketing
Am working from home with snow on the roads making the commute look unappealing. Had the pleasure of a brief playtime with a telemarketer
Hello, may I speak to the homeowner please?
Me: who is this?
This is Suresh from “Air Duct Cleaners”
Me: I’m sorry, I don’t have any ducks to clean. They swim away every time I try to clean them.
Suresh: I’m sorry. Have a nice day [click].
He didn’t stay on the line to play with me 🙁
January 5, 2016 phy2403 canonical momentum, energy momentum tensor, scalar field
[Click here for a PDF of this post with nicer formatting]
It is claimed in [1] (3.2.1) that the momentum components of the energy-momentum tensor was found to be
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:20}
\Be_n \int d^3 x T^{0 n} = \int d^3 k \Bk a_k^\dagger a_k.
\end{equation}
I don’t see this result anywhere, so let’s calculate it.
First, from the Noether current for the scalar field Lagrangian in question, what is the energy-momentum tensor explicitly?
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:40}
\begin{aligned}
T^{\mu \nu}
&= \Pi^\mu \partial^\nu \phi – g^{\mu \nu} \LL \\
&= \Pi^\mu \partial^\nu \phi – g^{\mu \nu} \inv{2} \lr{ \partial_\alpha \phi \partial^\alpha \phi – \mu^2 \phi^2 } \\
&= \Pi^\mu \Pi^\nu – g^{\mu \nu} \inv{2} \lr{ \Pi_\alpha \Pi^\alpha – \mu^2 \phi^2 } \\
&= \Pi^\mu \Pi^\nu – \inv{2} g^{\mu \nu} g_{\alpha\beta} \Pi^\beta \Pi^\alpha + \inv{2} g^{\mu \nu} \mu^2 \phi^2.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Consider some special cases for the indexes. For \( \mu = \nu = 0 \), the result is the Hamiltonian density
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:200}
\begin{aligned}
T^{00}
&= \Pi^0 \Pi^0 – \inv{2} g^{0 0} \Pi_\alpha \Pi^\alpha + \inv{2} g^{0 0} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \Pi^0 \Pi^0 – \inv{2} \Pi_\alpha \Pi^\alpha + \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \inv{2} \Pi^0 \Pi^0 – \inv{2} \Pi_n \Pi^n + \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \inv{2} \Pi^2 + \inv{2} (\spacegrad \phi)^2 + \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2,
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where \( \Pi^2 = (\partial_0 \phi)^2 \ne \partial^2 \phi \). For any \( \mu \ne \nu \) the off diagonal metric elements are zero, leaving just
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:220}
T^{\mu\nu} = \Pi^\mu \Pi^\nu.
\end{equation}
Finally, when \( n \ne 0 \), the remaining diagonal terms are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:240}
\begin{aligned}
T^{nn}
&= \Pi^n \Pi^n – \inv{2} g^{n n} \Pi_\alpha \Pi^\alpha + \inv{2} g^{n n} n^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \Pi^n \Pi^n + \inv{2} \Pi_\alpha \Pi^\alpha – \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \inv{2} \Pi^2 + \Pi^n \Pi^n – \inv{2} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \inv{2} \Pi^2 + \inv{2} \Pi^n \Pi^n – \inv{2} \sum_{m\ne n,0} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2 \\
&= \inv{2} \sum_{m = n,0} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \sum_{m\ne n,0} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
The canonical momenta are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:60}
\Pi^\mu
=
\partial^\mu
\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k }} \lr{ a_k e^{-i k \cdot x} + a_k^\dagger e^{i k \cdot x} },
\end{equation}
but
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:80}
\begin{aligned}
\partial^\mu e^{i k \cdot x}
&=
\partial^\mu \exp\lr{ i k^\alpha x_\alpha } \\
&=
i k^\mu \exp\lr{ i k \cdot x },
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
so
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:100}
\begin{aligned}
\Pi^\mu
&=
i
\int \frac{d^3 k k^\mu}{(2\pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k }} \lr{ – a_k e^{-i k \cdot x} + a_k^\dagger e^{i k \cdot x} } \\
&=
i
\int \frac{d^3 k k^\mu}{(2\pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k }} \lr{ – a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + \Bk \cdot \Bx} + a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx} }.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
This gives
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:120}
\begin{aligned}
\int d^3 x \Pi^\mu \Pi^\nu
&=
-\inv{2} \int d^3 x \inv{(2\pi)^3}
\int d^3 k d^3 j \frac{k^\mu j^\nu}{\sqrt{\omega_k \omega_j}}
\lr{ – a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + \Bk \cdot \Bx} + a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx} }
\lr{ – a_j e^{-i \omega_j t + \Bj \cdot \Bx} + a_j^\dagger e^{i \omega_j t – i \Bj \cdot \Bx} } \\
&=
-\inv{2} \int d^3 x \inv{(2\pi)^3}
\int d^3 k d^3 j \frac{k^\mu j^\nu}{\sqrt{\omega_k \omega_j}}
\lr{
a_k a_j e^{-i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t + (\Bj + \Bk) \cdot \Bx}
– a_k a_j^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j – \omega_k) t – i (\Bj -\Bk) \cdot \Bx}
– a_k^\dagger a_j e^{-i (\omega_j -\omega_k) t – (\Bk – \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
+ a_k^\dagger a_j^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t – i (\Bj + \Bk) \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k d^3 j \frac{k^\mu j^\nu}{\sqrt{\omega_k \omega_j}}
\lr{
a_k a_j e^{-i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t } \delta^3(\Bj + \Bk)
– a_k a_j^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j – \omega_k) t } \delta^3(\Bj -\Bk)
– a_k^\dagger a_j e^{-i (\omega_j -\omega_k) t } \delta^3 (\Bk – \Bj)
+ a_k^\dagger a_j^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t } \delta^3 (\Bj + \Bk)
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
There are two cases here to consider. The first is \( \nu = 0 \), for which
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:140}
\int d^3 x \Pi^\mu \Pi^0
=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k k^\mu
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{-2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
}.
\end{equation}
For \( \nu \ne 0 \)
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:160}
\begin{aligned}
\int d^3 x \Pi^\mu \Pi^\nu
&=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{k^\mu k^\nu}{\omega_k}
\lr{
– a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
– a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
} \\
&=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{k^\mu k^\nu}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Here’s a summary of these products
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:300}
\int d^3 x \Pi^0 \Pi^0
=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \omega_k
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{-2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:280}
\int d^3 x \Pi^n \Pi^0
= \int d^3 x \Pi^0 \Pi^n
=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k k^n
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{-2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
},
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:340}
\int d^3 x \Pi^m \Pi^n
=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{k^m k^n}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}.
\end{equation}
For the mass term it was previously found that
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:180}
\inv{2} \int d^3 x \mu^2 \phi^2
=
\frac{\mu^2}{4}
\int
d^3 k
\inv{ \omega_k }
\lr{
a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+a_k a_k^\dagger
+a_k^\dagger a_k
}.
\end{equation}
The Hamiltonian component has been previously calculated, and resolves to
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:360}
\int d^3 x T^{00}
=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k
\omega_k
\lr{
a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
}.
\end{equation}
The other diagonal components, for \( r \ne s \ne t \) are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:380}
\begin{aligned}
\int d^3 x T^{rr}
&=
\int d^3 x
\lr{
\inv{2} \sum_{m = r,0} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \sum_{m = s,t} \Pi^m \Pi^m – \inv{2} \mu^2 \phi^2
} \\
&=
\inv{4}
\int d^3 k \frac{(k^r)^2 – (k^s)^2 – (k^t)^2 – \mu^2}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}
-\inv{4}
\int d^3 k \omega_k
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{-2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
} \\
&=
\inv{4}
\int d^3 k \frac{(k^r)^2 – (k^s)^2 – (k^t)^2 – \mu^2 – \omega_k^2}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}
+
\inv{4}
\int d^3 k \frac{(k^r)^2 – (k^s)^2 – (k^t)^2 – \mu^2 + \omega_k^2}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
} \\
&=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{ (k^r)^2 – \omega_k^2}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}
+
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{ (k^r)^2}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
This doesn’t have the nice cancelation that killed the time dependent terms in the Hamiltonian. Such cancellation also doesn’t appear in the off diagonal energy-momentum tensor components, which are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:400}
\begin{aligned}
\int d^3 x T^{n 0}
&=
\int d^3 x T^{n 0} \\
&=
-\inv{2}
\int d^3 k k^n
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{-2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k a_k^\dagger
– a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
},
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
and for \( m \ne n \ne 0 \)
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:420}
\int d^3 x T^{m n}
=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k \frac{k^m k^n}{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_k a_{-k} e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k^\dagger a_{-k}^\dagger e^{ 2 i \omega_k t }
}.
\end{equation}
The \ref{eqn:noetherCurrentScalarField:400} result has time dependence that the stated result does not (but is linear in \( \Bk \) as desired)? Did I miss something?
[1] Michael Luke. PHY2403F Lecture Notes: Quantum Field Theory, 2015. URL https://piazza.com/utoronto.ca/fall2015/phy2403f/resources. [Online; accessed 02-Jan-2016].
January 3, 2016 phy2403 Hamiltonian, lowering operator, raising operator, scalar field
[Click here for a PDF of this post with nicer formatting]
In [1] it is left as an exersize to expand the scalar field Hamiltonian in terms of the raising and lowering operators. Let’s do that.
The field operator expanded in terms of the raising and lowering operators is
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:20}
\phi(x) =
\int \frac{ d^3 k}{ (2 \pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k } } \lr{
a_k e^{-i k \cdot x}
+ a_k^\dagger e^{i k \cdot x}
}.
\end{equation}
Note that \( x \) and \( k \) here are both four-vectors, so this field is dependent on a spacetime point, but the integration is over a spatial volume.
The Hamiltonian in terms of the fields was
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:40}
H = \inv{2} \int d^3 x \lr{ \Pi^2 + \lr{ \spacegrad \phi }^2 + \mu^2 \phi^2 }.
\end{equation}
The field derivatives are
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:60}
\Pi
= \partial_0 \phi
= \partial_0
\int \frac{ d^3 k}{ (2 \pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k } } \lr{
a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
+a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
}
=
i
\int \frac{ d^3 k}{ (2 \pi)^{3/2} \frac{\omega_k}{ 2 \omega_k } } \lr{
-a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
+a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
},
\end{equation}
and
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:80}
\partial_n \phi
= \partial_n
\int \frac{ d^3 k}{ (2 \pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k } } \lr{
a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
+a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
}
=
i
\int \frac{ d^3 k k^n}{ (2 \pi)^{3/2} \sqrt{ 2 \omega_k } } \lr{
a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
-a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
}.
\end{equation}
Introducing a second set of momentum variables with \( j = \Abs{\Bj} \), the momentum portion of the Hamiltonian is
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:100}
\begin{aligned}
\inv{2} \int d^3 x \Pi^2
&=
-\inv{2}
\inv{(2 \pi)^{3}}
\int d^3 x
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\inv{ \sqrt{ 4 \omega_j \omega_k } }
\omega_j
\omega_k
\lr{
-a_j e^{-i \omega_j t + i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
+a_j^\dagger e^{i \omega_j t – i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
}
\lr{
-a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
+a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
-\inv{4}
\inv{(2 \pi)^{3}}
\int d^3 x
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\sqrt{
\omega_j
\omega_k}
\lr{
a_j^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t – i (\Bk + \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
+ a_j a_k e^{-i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t + i (\Bj + \Bk) \cdot \Bx}
– a_j^\dagger a_k e^{-i (\omega_k -\omega_j) t – i (\Bj – \Bk) \cdot \Bx}
– a_j a_k^\dagger e^{-i (\omega_j – \omega_k) t – i (\Bk – \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
-\inv{4}
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\sqrt{
\omega_j
\omega_k}
\lr{
a_j^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t } \delta^3(\Bk + \Bj)
+ a_j a_k e^{-i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t } \delta^3(-\Bj – \Bk)
– a_j^\dagger a_k e^{-i (\omega_k -\omega_j) t } \delta^3(\Bj – \Bk)
– a_j a_k^\dagger e^{-i (\omega_j – \omega_k) t } \delta^3(\Bk – \Bj)
} \\
&=
-\inv{4}
\int
d^3 k
\omega_k
\lr{
a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k^\dagger a_k
– a_k a_k^\dagger
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
For the gradient portion of the Hamiltonian we have
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:120}
\begin{aligned}
\inv{2} \int d^3 x \lr{ \spacegrad \phi }^2
&=
-\inv{2}
\inv{(2 \pi)^{3}}
\int d^3 x
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\inv{ \sqrt{ 4 \omega_j \omega_k } }
\lr{ \sum_{n=1}^3 j^n k^n }
\lr{
a_j e^{-i \omega_j t + i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
-a_j^\dagger e^{i \omega_j t – i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
}
\lr{
a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
-a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
-\inv{4}
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\frac{\Bj \cdot \Bk}{ \sqrt{ \omega_j \omega_k } }
\lr{
a_j^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t } \delta^3(\Bk + \Bj)
+ a_j a_k e^{-i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t } \delta^3(-\Bj – \Bk)
– a_j^\dagger a_k e^{-i (\omega_k -\omega_j) t } \delta^3(\Bj – \Bk)
– a_j a_k^\dagger e^{-i (\omega_j – \omega_k) t } \delta^3(\Bk – \Bj)
} \\
&=
-\inv{4}
\int
d^3 k
\frac{\Bk^2}{ \omega_k }
\lr{
– a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
– a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k^\dagger a_k
– a_k a_k^\dagger
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Finally, for the mass term, we have
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:140}
\begin{aligned}
\inv{2} \int d^3 x \mu^2 \phi^2
&=
\frac{\mu^2}{2}
\inv{(2 \pi)^{3}}
\int d^3 x
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\inv{ \sqrt{ 4 \omega_j \omega_k } }
\lr{
a_j e^{-i \omega_j t + i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
+a_j^\dagger e^{i \omega_j t – i \Bj \cdot \Bx}
}
\lr{
a_k e^{-i \omega_k t + i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
+a_k^\dagger e^{i \omega_k t – i \Bk \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
\frac{\mu^2}{2}
\inv{(2 \pi)^{3}}
\int d^3 x
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\inv{ \sqrt{ 4 \omega_j \omega_k } }
\lr{
a_j a_k e^{-i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t + i (\Bk + \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
+a_j^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t – i (\Bk + \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
+a_j a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_k – \omega_j) t – i (\Bk – \Bj) \cdot \Bx}
+a_j^\dagger a_k e^{-i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t – i (\Bj – \Bk) \cdot \Bx}
} \\
&=
\frac{\mu^2}{2}
\int
d^3 j
d^3 k
\inv{ \sqrt{ 4 \omega_j \omega_k } }
\lr{
a_j a_k e^{-i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t } \delta^3(- \Bk – \Bj)
+a_j^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_j + \omega_k) t } \delta^3( \Bk + \Bj)
+a_j a_k^\dagger e^{i (\omega_k – \omega_j) t } \delta^3 (\Bk – \Bj)
+a_j^\dagger a_k e^{-i (\omega_k + \omega_j) t } \delta^3 (\Bj – \Bk)
} \\
&=
\frac{\mu^2}{4}
\int
d^3 k
\inv{ \omega_k }
\lr{
a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+a_k a_k^\dagger
+a_k^\dagger a_k
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
Now all the pieces can be put back together again
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:160}
\begin{aligned}
H
&=
\inv{4}
\int d^3 k
\inv{\omega_k}
\lr{
-\omega_k^2
\lr{
a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
– a_k^\dagger a_k
– a_k a_k^\dagger
}
+
\Bk^2
\lr{
a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
}
+
\mu^2
\lr{
a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
+a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
+a_k a_k^\dagger
+a_k^\dagger a_k
}
} \\
&=
\inv{4}
\int d^3 k
\inv{\omega_k}
\lr{
a_{-k}^\dagger a_k^\dagger e^{2 i \omega_k t }
\lr{
-\omega_k^2
+ \Bk^2
+
\mu^2
}
+ a_{-k} a_k e^{- 2 i \omega_k t }
\lr{
-\omega_k^2
+ \Bk^2
+
\mu^2
}
+ a_k a_k^\dagger
\lr{
\omega_k^2
+ \Bk^2
+
\mu^2
}
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
\lr{
\omega_k^2
+ \Bk^2
+
\mu^2
}
}.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
With \( \omega_k^2 = \Bk^2 + \mu^2 \), the time dependent terms are killed leaving
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldHamiltonian:180}
H
=
\inv{2}
\int d^3 k
\omega_k
\lr{
a_k a_k^\dagger
+ a_k^\dagger a_k
}.
\end{equation}
[1] Michael Luke. PHY2403F Lecture Notes: Quantum Field Theory, 2015. URL lecturenotes.pdf. [Online; accessed 02-Jan-2016].
January 2, 2016 math and physics play, phy2403, scalar field
[Click here for a PDF of this post with nicer formatting]
In [1] it is stated that the creation operators of eq. 2.78
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldCreationOpCommutator:20}
\alpha_k = \inv{2} \int \frac{d^3k}{(2\pi)^3} \lr{
\phi(x,0) + \frac{i}{\omega_k} \partial_0 \phi(x,0)
}
e^{-i \Bk \cdot \Bx }
\end{equation}
associated with field operator \( \phi \) commute. Let’s verify that.
\begin{equation}\label{eqn:scalarFieldCreationOpCommutator:40}
\begin{aligned}
\antisymmetric{\alpha_k}{\alpha_m}
&=
\inv{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^6}
\int d^3 x d^3 y
e^{-i \Bk \cdot \Bx }
e^{-i \Bm \cdot \By }
\antisymmetric
{
\phi(x,0) + \frac{i}{\omega_k} \partial_0 \phi(x,0)
}
{
\phi(y,0) + \frac{i}{\omega_m} \partial_0 \phi(y,0)
} \\
&=
\frac{i}{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^6}
\int d^3 x d^3 y
e^{-i \Bk \cdot \Bx }
e^{-i \Bm \cdot \By }
\lr{
\antisymmetric{\phi(x,0)}{\inv{\omega_m} \partial_0 \phi(y,0)}
+
\antisymmetric{\inv{\omega_k} \partial_0 \phi(x,0)}{\phi(y,0)}
} \\
&=
\frac{i}{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^6}
\int d^3 x d^3 y
e^{-i \Bk \cdot \Bx }
e^{-i \Bm \cdot \By }
\lr{
\frac{i}{\omega_m} \delta^3(\Bx – \By)
–
\frac{i}{\omega_k} \delta^3(\Bx – \By)
} \\
&=
-\frac{1}{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^6}
\int d^3 x
e^{ -i (\Bk + \Bm) \cdot \Bx }
\lr{
\frac{1}{\omega_m}
–
\frac{1}{\omega_k}
} \\
&=
-\frac{1}{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}
\lr{
\frac{1}{\omega_m}
–
\frac{1}{\omega_k}
}
\delta^3(\Bk + \Bm) \\
&=
-\frac{1}{4}
\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}
\lr{
\frac{1}{\omega_{\Abs{-\Bk}}}
–
\frac{1}{\omega_{\Abs{\Bk}}}
}
\delta^3(\Bk + \Bm) \\
&=
0.
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
[1] Michael Luke. PHY2403F Lecture Notes: Quantum Field Theory, 2015. URL https://s3.amazonaws.com/piazza-resources/i87nj8g7yie7nh/ihdwuk7wva13qq/lecturenotes.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIEDNRLJ4AZKBW6HA&Expires=1451803428&Signature=IF6qOjlKqOYL01FwqT%2FGV6BSDb8%3D. [Online; accessed 02-Jan-2016].
January 2, 2016 Incoherent ramblings
I’m trying to plot out a potential sequence for the remainder of my M.Eng courses. Most of the physics courses only run in the fall, and I still have to take a few more engineering courses to meet the requirements for the program. The following sequence, starting with the courses I’ve taken or am now enrolled on, gets one interesting course into each time slot:
My plan for the rest of the program is currently:
I’m hoping that the ECE Introduction to Computational Electrodynamics course will run again, and if it does I’ll switch things up to accomodate it.